点评 | 子宫恶性肿瘤的前哨淋巴结检测:更少即更多
Editorial Commentary

点评 | 子宫恶性肿瘤的前哨淋巴结检测:更少即更多

Gabriele Siesto

Department of Gynecology, IRCCS, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

Correspondence to: Gabriele Siesto, MD. Department of Gynecology, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy. Email: gabriele.siesto@gmail.com.

Comment on: Lührs O, Ekdahl L, Lönnerfors C, et al. Combining Indocyanine Green and Tc99-nanocolloid does not increase the detection rate of sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer compared to Indocyanine Green alone. Gynecol Oncol 2020;156:335-40.


Received: 24 February 2020; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 25 March 2020.

doi: 10.21037/gpm.2020.02.03


根治性子宫切除术与系统性盆腔淋巴结清扫术是早期宫颈癌手术方法的金标准。

在过去的几十年间,为了不影响生存结局同时又尽可能最小化根治术后并发症的发生,妇科肿瘤医生面临着向“更不激进”的手术方式的模式转变。

因此,纵观前后,外科医生和肿瘤医生已习惯诸多新概念,例如微创途径、根治性调整、保留神经手术以及前哨淋巴结检测(sentinel node mapping,SLN mapping)。

迄今为止,淋巴结转移情况仍是早期宫颈癌最重要的预后因素,也是后续补充治疗的风向标。

目前,前哨淋巴结检测成为了早期子宫恶性肿瘤(子宫内膜癌和宫颈癌)管理中愈发流行的选择,因其已被美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南所纳入为可行的分期方法之一[1]

近年来,在评估前哨淋巴结检测的可行性和有效性时,已研究了诸多类型的示踪剂,例如比色法、辐射法以及荧光示踪剂。单独或联合使用上述示踪剂可提高检出率,特别是提高双侧检出率。双侧检出率是评估前哨淋巴结检测可行性和可重复性中最重要的指标。

在前哨淋巴结检测中引入吲哚菁绿(indocyanine,ICG)极大地改善了此方法的效果,在评估每侧盆腔淋巴结状态时,该方法变得更容易重现也更有效[2-3]

这种荧光染料与近红外成像技术相结合,不仅可以轻松检测到淋巴结,而且还可以设计并跟踪整个淋巴管引流,从而区分出引流向髂内区域的常见模式与引流向骶前和腹主动脉旁的不常见模式。

在2018年的FILM试验中,无论是单独使用还是结合使用,ICG的效果均优于比色示踪剂(异硫蓝染色剂)。特别在双侧检测中,ICG完成了近80%的双侧定位,而异硫蓝只有30%[4]

最近,瑞典研究小组报告了一项前哨淋巴结检测应用于宫颈癌的前瞻性研究结果,其结果是“与单独使用ICG相比,将ICG和锝99-纳米胶体联合使用不会增加早期宫颈癌前哨淋巴结的检出率”。在这项研究中,作者使用ICG和放射性示踪剂(锝99-放射性胶体)检测了宫颈癌手术患者的前哨淋巴结,并对IA2期或更晚期别的患者进行了系统性淋巴结清扫术。所有手术流程均通过机器人完成[5]

该研究纳入了65名患者,ICG的双侧检出率为98.5%,锝99的双侧检出率为60%(P<0.01)。联合使用示踪剂并不增加双侧检出率。研究专家采用了严格的流程(即如果有人想安全进行前哨淋巴结检测则为强制性的),双侧检出率几乎达到100%。因此,在该研究中,ICG被证实为前哨淋巴结检测中更好的示踪剂,且很可能没有其他示踪剂可以更出色。原因可能是ICG具有荧光性,因此很容易被探测到。ICG也可能比其他示踪剂更顺畅地流入淋巴管,因此可以更为有效地定位淋巴系统(淋巴管和淋巴结)[6]

一方面,该研究进一步证实了前哨淋巴结检测在宫颈癌治疗中的可行性,也说明了ICG为首选示踪剂;另一方面,研究结果也强化了当今的悖论:遵循LACC研究[7]的结果,在一项研究宫颈癌手术方式的随机试验中,患者(和外科医生)应当意识到采用微创手术(包括机器人技术)治疗宫颈癌患者的生存结局要比采用开腹途径的患者差。这不可避免地不鼓励使用微创途径治疗宫颈癌,进而影响了前哨淋巴结检测的应用。此外,由于这些结果,其他可以克服LACC实验提出的批评的研究,从伦理角度也难以支撑。

因此,自相矛盾的是,尽管找到了可行且有效的替代系统性盆腔淋巴结清扫术的方法,即使用ICG进行前哨淋巴结定位,但是,直到国际社会提供官方指南之前,我们必须回到宫颈癌手术的开端——通过开放途径谨慎地治疗宫颈癌。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial office, Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine. The article did not undergo external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: The author has completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10.21037/gpm.2020.02.03/coif). GS serves as an unpaid editorial board member of Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine from Dec 2018 to Nov 2020. The author has no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The author is accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


References

  1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Cervical cancer (version 4.2019).
  2. Jewell EL, Huang JJ, Abu-Rustum NR, et al. Detection of sentinel lymph nodes in minimally invasive surgery using indocyanine green and near-infrared fluorescence imaging for uterine and cervical malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2014;133:274-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Siesto G, Romano F, Fiamengo B, et al. Sentinel Node Mapping Using Indocyanine Green and Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging Technology for Uterine Malignancies: Preliminary Experience With the Da Vinci Xi System. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016;23:470-1. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Frumovitz M, Plante M, Lee PS, et al. Near-infrared fluorescence for detection of sentinel lymph nodes in women with cervical and uterine cancers (FILM): a randomised, phase 3, multicentre, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2018;19:1394-403. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Lührs O, Ekdahl L, Lönnerfors C, et al. Combining Indocyanine Green and Tc99-nanocolloid does not increase the detection rate of sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer compared to Indocyanine Green alone. Gynecol Oncol 2020;156:335-40. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Ramirez PT, Frumovitz M, Pareja R, et al. Minimally Invasive versus Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;379:1895-904. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Siesto G, Vitobello D. Sentinel node mapping for uterine cancer: are we at the turning point? Gynecol Pelvic Med 2018;1:11. [Crossref]

译者介绍

阎昊铮。
四川大学华西临床医学院2019级妇产科学硕士研究生,师从华西第二医院李征宇教授,本科毕业于华西临床医学院临床医学(五年制)专业,曾获四川大学优秀共青团员、优秀学生干部等称号。(更新时间:2021/7/30)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/gpm.2020.02.03
Cite this article as: Siesto G. Sentinel node mapping for uterine cancer: is less always more. Gynecol Pelvic Med 2020;3:1.

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